Treatment and long-term management of venous thromboembolism.

Venous thromboembolism covers a range of conditions from deep vein thrombosis to pulmonary embolism. Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, minimize acute morbidity and mortality by preventing the extension or potentially fatal embolization of the initial thrombus, and avoid postthrombotic syndrome. Anticoagulant therapy is the mainstay of treatment, but treatment decisions and the choice of an appropriate anticoagulation agent are modified according to the predisposition for venous thromboembolism, the site and extent of thrombus, the presence or absence of symptomatic embolism, and patient's bleeding risk. Newer oral anticoagulants have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of other agents, improve patient care, and simplify and improve management.