Empowerment of athletes with cardiac disorders: a new paradigm.

Athletes with cardiac disorders frequently pose an ethical and medical dilemma to physicians assessing their eligibility to participate in sport. In recent decades, patient empowerment has been gaining increasing recognition in clinical decision-making. Empowerment is a process through which people are involved over the decisions and actions that affect their own lives. In the context of a cardiac disorder, empowerment means giving an athlete the chance to participate in the decision about whether or not to remain active in competition. Three models of treatment decision-making are described in this article, with progressive levels of empowerment: the paternalistic model (the athlete has a passive role), the shared-decision making model (both athlete and physician participate in the decision), and the informed-decision making (the decision is made by the athlete while the role of the physician is solely to provide information). This article critically discusses the issues involved in disqualification of athletes with cardiovascular disorders and suggests possible ways of incorporating patient empowerment in potentially career-ending decisions. The authors propose a model of empowerment, which gives patients the opportunity to choose how much, and if, they would like to be involved in the decision-making process.