Toward a 4D genome annotation of CHO cells for biomanufacturing.

Biotechnology and biopharma rely on detailed genome annotations for cell-line engineering, yet most production hosts are nonmodel organisms with limited resources linking sequence to physiology across space and time. A complete four-dimensional genome annotation for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that links sequence, networks, spatial constraints, process state, and passaging history does not yet exist; current efforts instead provide partial layers that must be connected into an actionable framework. In this opinion article, we illustrate this framework for CHO cells, the dominant platform for recombinant protein biologics. Building such resources on a genomic foundation could reduce trial and error in biologics manufacturing by making cell line and bioprocess design more predictable, transparent, and reproducible.