Nano-selenium ameliorates lead oxide nanoparticle-induced reproductive toxicity in japanese quails via restoring gonadal antioxidant activity and normalization of sex hormones.

This study investigated the protective effects of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) against lead oxide nanoparticle (PbNPs)-induced reproductive toxicity in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Birds (n = 288) were allocated into control, Nano-Se (0.2 mg/kg diet), PbNPs (0.25 or 0.50 µg/ml drinking water), and combined Nano-Se + PbNPs groups. PbNP exposure caused dose-dependent growth suppression and severe reproductive toxicity, marked by diminished sperm quality, reduced gonadal weights, and deteriorated egg quality (reduced shell thickness and Haugh units). These effects were associated with elevated gonadal oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde, decreased glutathione-S-transferase) and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, evidenced by suppressed serum testosterone, FSH, and LH. Histopathological analysis confirmed testicular degeneration, follicular atresia, and oviduct inflammation. Concurrent Nano-Se supplementation effectively mitigated these impairments, restoring antioxidant capacity, normalizing endocrine profiles, and preserving gonadal histoarchitecture. The results demonstrate that Nano-Se significantly protects against PbNP-induced reproductive dysfunction by enhancing antioxidant defenses and supporting hormonal balance, indicating its potential as a dietary intervention against nanoscale heavy metal toxicity in avian species.