Integrating zooprophylaxis, insecticide-treated livestock and mosquito nets for malaria control: a One Health proposal.

Malaria transmission persists despite widespread use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) due to multiple factors, including outdoor and early-evening biting and insecticide resistance. In this context, zooprophylaxis, which strategically uses livestock to divert mosquitoes from humans, has shown mixed epidemiological effects. Conversely, treating livestock with topical or systemic insecticides (known as insecticide-treated livestock [ITL]) has been demonstrated to significantly reduce mosquito survival. Combining ITL and zooprophylaxis with ITNs could improve vector control for species that feed outdoors and prefer animal hosts. This short communication reviews an integrated approach within integrated vector management and proposes a practical malaria One-Health control strategy.