Mid- to Late-Life Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factor Exposure and Zero Coronary Artery Calcium: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study.

BACKGROUND

Our understanding of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors is based predominantly on one-time measurements and associations with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of mid- to late-life cumulative risk factor exposure to healthy arterial aging, represented by a persistent coronary artery calcium (CAC) score of zero.

METHODS

Among 2,044 community-dwelling, participants free of coronary heart disease from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study, the associations of ∼30-year time-weighted average mid- to late-life (starting at a median age of 49 years in 1987-1989) traditional atherosclerotic risk factors (cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and smoking) with late-life (median age 80 years in 2018-2019) CAC 0 were evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 204 participants (10.0%) had CAC 0, and they tended to have more favorable mid- to late-life average risk factor profiles than those with CAC: lower total cholesterol, especially <160 mg/dL; lower systolic blood pressure, especially <125 mm Hg; and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, especially >45 mg/dL. The association was less evident for fasting glucose, with no increased probability of CAC 0 at <95 mg/dL. Never smoking was associated with a 5.7 (95% CI: 2.3-16.7) times greater odds of CAC 0 vs smoking throughout mid- to late-life. Within sex-race groups, average modifiable risk factors predicted substantial differences in CAC 0 probability (eg, for a Black woman, 53% vs 0.4% for a low vs high risk factor profile, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Favorable average risk factor profiles at mid- to late-life were associated with a greater probability of CAC 0 at older age. These results highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy risk factor profile from mid- to late-life, with implications for public health promotion and policy.