Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies-A Narrative Review.

In this review, we explore the biomarkers of different psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Moreover, we show the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Novel techniques such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous risk loci and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) implicated in these conditions, contributing to a better understanding of their mechanisms. Moreover, the impact of genetic variations on drug metabolisms, particularly through cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, highlights the importance of pharmacogenomics in optimizing psychiatric treatment. This review also explores the role of neurotransmitter regulation, immune system interactions, and metabolic pathways in psychiatric disorders. As the technology advances, integrating genetic markers into clinical practice will be crucial in advancing precision psychiatry, improving diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic interventions for individual patients.