Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2026
The indirect effect of perceived social support on the relationship between psychological inflexibility and PTSD/depression symptoms in college students.
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Wright Allison H, Lozada Sydney, Stout Madison, Lugo Samantha, Daau Stephanie, Blessing Alexis, Morissette Sandra B
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression occur at high rates among college students, making it critical to identify modifiable factors that confer risk or protective effects. Psychological inflexibility (PI; a rigid pattern of thinking and behavior) predicts worse posttraumatic stress and depression (PTS-D) symptoms, whereas perceived social support (PSS) is a robust protective factor. No studies have examined interrelationships among PI, PSS, and PTS-D, which was the aim of this study.
METHOD: College students (n = 1,184) who endorsed experiencing a potentially traumatic event completed an online survey assessing trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, depression symptoms, PI, and PSS. Due to the high correlation between measures, a PTS-D symptoms factor was created using principal components analysis.
RESULTS: An indirect effects model using Hayes PROCESS Model 4 (mediation; 5,000 bootstrapped samples) was conducted, controlling for sex, to evaluate both the direct effects of PI on PTS-D and the indirect effect of PI on PTS-D through its influence on worse PSS. A significant direct effect was observed between PI and PTS-D (b = 0.055, SE = .002, p < .001). There was a significant indirect effect, demonstrating higher PI was associated with lower PSS, which was associated with higher PTS-D (b = 0.003, SE = 0.001, 95% CI [0.002, 0.004]). Thus, the potential positive effects of PSS on PTS-D were diminished by the negative influence of PI on lowering PSS.
CONCLUSIONS: Future longitudinal studies are needed to prospectively test mediation and whether PI and PSS should be addressed as concurrent treatment targets to positively impact PTS-D symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
METHOD: College students (n = 1,184) who endorsed experiencing a potentially traumatic event completed an online survey assessing trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, depression symptoms, PI, and PSS. Due to the high correlation between measures, a PTS-D symptoms factor was created using principal components analysis.
RESULTS: An indirect effects model using Hayes PROCESS Model 4 (mediation; 5,000 bootstrapped samples) was conducted, controlling for sex, to evaluate both the direct effects of PI on PTS-D and the indirect effect of PI on PTS-D through its influence on worse PSS. A significant direct effect was observed between PI and PTS-D (b = 0.055, SE = .002, p < .001). There was a significant indirect effect, demonstrating higher PI was associated with lower PSS, which was associated with higher PTS-D (b = 0.003, SE = 0.001, 95% CI [0.002, 0.004]). Thus, the potential positive effects of PSS on PTS-D were diminished by the negative influence of PI on lowering PSS.
CONCLUSIONS: Future longitudinal studies are needed to prospectively test mediation and whether PI and PSS should be addressed as concurrent treatment targets to positively impact PTS-D symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).