Insights into arteriovenous fistula (non)maturation: single-cell transcriptomics reveals new drivers of arteriovenous fistula remodeling.

Single-cell transcriptomics of arteriovenous fistulas reveal that failure is likely driven less by smooth muscle proliferation than by continuous inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibroblast-driven fibrosis. These insights reframe current knowledge and highlight mechanistic pathways as to where future therapies could be targeted to improve arteriovenous fistula maturation kinetics and associated patency rates.