Potential immunomodulatory and antitumor properties of hydatid cysts components.

Given that cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, further research into new therapeutic strategies is needed. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the potential anticancer effects of parasitic infections and their bioactive components. Among these, the hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus has been proposed as a source of antigens with immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. Various components of the hydatid cyst, including the laminated layer, germinal layer, protoscolices, hydatid cyst fluid, and excretory-secretory products, exhibit strong immunogenicity capable of stimulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, modulate the T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance, promote the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), and IL-4, and activate immune effector cells, including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes. Significantly, cross-reactivity between hydatid cyst antigens and tumor-associated antigens contributes to apoptosis induction, inhibition of proliferation, and suppression of metastasis in cancer models. Experimental evidence suggests that these immune-mediated mechanisms not only facilitate host defense against parasitic infection but also confer significant anticancer potential. Consequently, hydatid cyst-derived molecules represent promising natural immunomodulators and anti-tumor with dual roles in parasitism and tumor suppression. Bioactive agents such as EgKI-1, effectively redirect the host's immune system against cancer cells, highlights their significant potential for the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. However, further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of these antigens is needed for the development of parasite-based cancer anti-cancer approaches and immunotherapies. In addition, development of targeted delivery systems perforoming preclinical and clinical studies is crucial to establish safety and efficacy.