Multilayered electrospun chondroitin sulfate nanofiber impregnated with aortic extracellular matrix hydrogel for dermal regeneration: In vitro and in vivo study.

During the exploratory trial and error investigation, we developed a multilayered composite structure composed of nanofibers containing chondroitin sulfate (CS) impregnated with aortic extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel as a bioactive and innovative material. The high mechanical performance, three-dimensional nanofibrous structure, and high porosity in the prepared composite scaffolds demonstrate their potential applications for dermal regeneration. Multilayered nanofiber/hydrogel composite scaffolds were prepared based on different concentrations of ECM (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 % w/v), followed by freeze drying and a crosslinking process. The physical, mechanical, and cellular interaction features of prepared multilayered scaffolds were investigated using corresponding tests, and associated results reported. Additionally, an in vivo study was performed by subcutaneous implantation. Results revealed that the porosity of scaffolds was approximately 80 % with high swelling ratios. An in vivo study demonstrated the biocompatibility and degradability of the optimum scaffold (M3DE1), which was previously confirmed by in vitro studies and degradability studies. Overall, the promising aspect of M3DE1 as a dermal substitution, compensating challenges associated with autograft was revealed. However, some other approaches are also needed to get a full skin substitution.