Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne infections of bovines and canines of India - Current status.

Tick-borne infections such as babesiosis, theileriosis, and anaplasmosis in cattle, and babesiosis, hepatozoonosis, and ehrlichiosis in dogs, remain significant constraints to the animal health and productivity in India. This review summarizes the recent updates on molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and transmission dynamics of these infections. Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale are the most important bovine pathogens, while B. gibsoni and E. canis are the major canine pathogens. Molecular studies reveal genetic variation and high haplotype diversity, with implications for diagnosis, treatment, and control. Continued surveillance and integrated control strategies are urgently needed.