An ultrasensitive diagnostic system for minuscule level of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by acute renal failure that is often caused by Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Early and precise diagnosis is critical for effective HUS treatment and the prevention of further severe complications. In this study, we present an ultrasensitive graphene-based field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor designed to detect trace levels of Stxs, aiming to improve HUS diagnosis. The sensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, with detection limits reaching the femtogram level, and outstanding specificity against nontarget molecules. Notably, this sensor operates without the need for fluorescent molecules, offering a simpler, cost-effective, and highly scalable alternative to fluorescence-based methods. Comprehensive laboratory evaluations revealed the rapid response time, high accuracy, and robustness of the sensor under diverse experimental conditions. The integration of the FET biosensor into diagnostic workflows offers a transformative approach to diagnosis, enabling earlier detection of Stxs and facilitating timely intervention for HUS. Furthermore, the incorporation of this sensor into clinical settings has potential at its early stages. These findings highlight the feasibility of translating this technology for routine clinical use, paving the way for more effective disease management in both hospital and point-of-care settings.