Critical Care Work Environments and Personal Safety: Preventing Workplace Violence.

Workplace violence (WPV) in health care is rising and often underreported, especially in high-stress environments like critical care units. Nurses are the most affected, facing both patient-initiated violence-often due to delirium-and interpersonal aggression, such as bullying. WPV leads to burnout, job dissatisfaction, turnover, and compromised patient-care. Despite the high costs, there are no national mandates for prevention. Evidence including Occupational Health and Safety Administration, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and Registered Nurses Association of Ontario guidelines support a multifaceted approach that includes policy changes, staff training, and supportive workplace culture.