[Advancement in the role of exosomes for hepatitis B virus infection diagnosis and treatment: mechanisms and clinical applications].

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health problem, causing approximately one million deaths annually. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles (30-150 nm) enclosed in a lipid bilayer membrane, secreted by almost all cells, and carry bioactive substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, thereby playing a key role in intercellular communication. Recent research results have shown that exosomes play an important advanced role in the diagnosis and treatment of HBV infection. This review systematically summarizes the dual role of exosomes in HBV infection (promoting viral transmission and participating in immune regulation), their application as novel biomarkers in the diagnosis of HBV-related liver diseases, the latest research progress in exosome-based therapeutic strategies, and their current status in clinical translation, with the aim of providing updated and more precise biological markers and therapeutic targets for clinical diagnosis and treatment and offering perspectives for future research directions.