Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2026
Hidden Hazards: Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels Associated with Biochemical and Hematological Markers.
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Islambulchilar Mina, Shayanfar Ali, Bagheri Meisam, Mehri Omid
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Workers occupationally exposed to fuel vapors are at risk of contamination by heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. This study aimed to quantify blood levels of lead and cadmium and evaluate associated biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress alterations among fuel station workers.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 66 healthy males, comprising 33 workers with at least 2 years of direct fuel exposure and 33 non-exposed controls. Blood lead and cadmium were quantified using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Biochemical markers, reproductive hormones, and oxidative stress indicators were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using independent t-tests to identify significant differences between groups, and Pearson's correlation test to assess associations.
RESULTS: Mean blood lead (43.4±5.4 µg/dL vs. 23.6±1.6 µg/dL; P<0.05) and cadmium levels (10.1±1.2 µg/dL vs. 5.5±0.4 µg/L; P<0.05) were significantly higher in exposed workers. Biochemical markers were elevated including ALT (38.76±3.3 U/L vs. 24.39±3.6 U/L; P<0.05), AST (29.91±3.4 U/L vs. 16.55±4.0 U/L; P<0.05), ALP (82.82±12.4 U/L vs. 42.67±9.5 U/L; P<0.05), BUN (19.52±3.1 v mg/dL s. 9.82±2.0 mg/dL), and Creatinine (1.13±0.1 mg/dL vs. 0.72±0.1 mg/dL; P<0.05) in exposed group. Oxidative stress was evident with higher MDA (2.86±0.6 nmol/mL vs. 0.84±0.2 nmol/mL; P<0.05) and lower SOD and GSH (P<0.05). Testosterone decreased (3.77±0.9 ng/mL vs. 4.98±0.9 ng/mL; P<0.05) while FSH increased (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Occupational exposure to lead and cadmium suggests adverse hepatic, renal, hormonal, and oxidative stress changes among fuel station workers. Regular monitoring of biochemical and hormonal markers is strongly recommended, along with preventive exposure-control measures.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 66 healthy males, comprising 33 workers with at least 2 years of direct fuel exposure and 33 non-exposed controls. Blood lead and cadmium were quantified using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Biochemical markers, reproductive hormones, and oxidative stress indicators were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using independent t-tests to identify significant differences between groups, and Pearson's correlation test to assess associations.
RESULTS: Mean blood lead (43.4±5.4 µg/dL vs. 23.6±1.6 µg/dL; P<0.05) and cadmium levels (10.1±1.2 µg/dL vs. 5.5±0.4 µg/L; P<0.05) were significantly higher in exposed workers. Biochemical markers were elevated including ALT (38.76±3.3 U/L vs. 24.39±3.6 U/L; P<0.05), AST (29.91±3.4 U/L vs. 16.55±4.0 U/L; P<0.05), ALP (82.82±12.4 U/L vs. 42.67±9.5 U/L; P<0.05), BUN (19.52±3.1 v mg/dL s. 9.82±2.0 mg/dL), and Creatinine (1.13±0.1 mg/dL vs. 0.72±0.1 mg/dL; P<0.05) in exposed group. Oxidative stress was evident with higher MDA (2.86±0.6 nmol/mL vs. 0.84±0.2 nmol/mL; P<0.05) and lower SOD and GSH (P<0.05). Testosterone decreased (3.77±0.9 ng/mL vs. 4.98±0.9 ng/mL; P<0.05) while FSH increased (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Occupational exposure to lead and cadmium suggests adverse hepatic, renal, hormonal, and oxidative stress changes among fuel station workers. Regular monitoring of biochemical and hormonal markers is strongly recommended, along with preventive exposure-control measures.