Neurogenic changes in the upper airway of obstructive sleep apnoea.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is linked to local neural injury that evokes airway muscle remodelling. The upper airway muscles of patients with OSA are exposed to intermittent hypoxia as well as vibration induced by snoring. A range of electrophysiological and other studies have established altered motor and sensory function of the airway in OSA. The extent to which these changes impair upper airway muscle function and their relationship to the progression of OSA remains undefined. This review will collate the evidence for upper airway remodelling in OSA, particularly the electromyographic changes in upper airway muscles of patients with OSA.