Mitochondrial dynamics and T cells immunity in cancer.

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continuously adapt their number, morphology, and subcellular distribution in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. This plasticity is governed by a set of highly coordinated processes-collectively termed mitochondrial dynamics-including fusion, fission, mitophagy, and transport. Mitochondrial dynamics are essential for regulating cellular energy metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Accumulating evidence highlights the critical role of mitochondrial dynamics in anti-tumor immunity, while their dysregulation contributes to immune evasion in cancer. In this review, we systematically outline how mitochondrial dynamics regulate the key stages of the T-cell immune response-from activation and differentiation to tumor infiltration, and finally to effector-mediated recognition and elimination of cancer cells-and elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms by which tumor cells suppress T-cell immunity through the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. We aim to provide readers with an integrated conceptual framework, point toward future directions for translating fundamental insights into novel "metabolism-immunity" combination therapies, and thereby offer a theoretical foundation and strategic perspective for overcoming current bottlenecks in tumor immunotherapy.