Investigation of thermal performance of phase change materials-integrated solar yogurt incubation system and its effect on product's characteristics.

AIM: Glomerular involvement in HIV-positive patients is quite heterogeneous. In the present paper we reviewed 73 renal biopsies performed during a period of more than 20 years in a single Nephrology Unit, Milan, Northern Italy, in order to evaluate the aspects of single types of glomerular lesions (including HIV associated nephropathy-HIVAN), grouped according to histological patterns and clinical presentation. Moreover, in the group of non-HIVAN patients, the possible differences in histological characteristics from non-HIV lesions were investigated.

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

Renal tissues were obtained by percutaneous biopsies and were studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. For the histological description three histological groups were identified: HIVAN, immune complex glomerulonephritis (GN) and glomerulopathies not related to immune-mediated mechanisms (so-called "various" glomerulopathies).

RESULTS

HIVAN was observed in 9 cases, immune complex GNs in 40 cases (10 mesangial proliferative GN, 8 membranoproliferative GN, 5 lupus-like GN, 4 "acute" GN, 2 crescentic GN, 4 IgA nephropathy, 4 membranous GN and 3 immunotactoid GN) and "various" glomerulopathies in 24 cases (13 non-collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 3 minimal changes, 3 end-stage renal disease, 4 diabetic nephropathy and one amyloidosis).

CONCLUSIONS

Our 20-year biopsy series of HIV-related glomerular involvement confirmed the heterogeneity of lesions. In our series, the vast majority of HIV-related GN are the so-called immune complex GNs, with some peculiar aspects, as multiple site location of deposits and a frequent tendency towards sclerosis, in agreement with experimental data regarding HIV and fibrosis.