Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2025
Insecticide Resistance Management in Malaria Vectors in Tanzania Mainland (2015-2024): A Scoping Review.
СтатьяScoping ReviewНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Nkya Theresia Estomih
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Tanzania. Understanding the evolution of insecticide resistance is essential for guiding vector control policy in Tanzania. This review synthesises evidence on resistance patterns, surveillance and management strategies to inform programmatic decisions.
OBJECTIVE: To synthesise evidence on insecticide resistance patterns, mechanisms and management strategies in Tanzanian malaria vectors (2015-2024), and to highlight research and surveillance gaps.
METHODS: A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA-ScR framework. Articles were retrieved from multiple databases based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Data on resistance patterns, mechanisms, surveillance approaches and management strategies were extracted and synthesised.
RESULTS: Of 910 identified records, ten met inclusion criteria. All studies applied WHO susceptibility bioassays, and several incorporated molecular or biochemical assays. Pyrethroid resistance was consistently reported, largely driven by knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and metabolic mechanisms. DDT resistance was common, while moderate resistance to carbamates appeared in about half of the studies. Organophosphates, particularly pirimiphos-methyl, remained effective and new insecticides such as clothianidin and chlorfenapyr showed high efficacy with no resistance detected. Reported management strategies included pyrethroid-PBO LLINs and integrated vector management, although surveillance coverage and mechanistic profiling were inconsistent across sites.
CONCLUSION: Insecticide resistance is widespread in Tanzanian malaria vectors, with pyrethroids most affected. While new insecticides and management strategies show promise, gaps in surveillance and operational evidence limit effectiveness. Strengthened research capacity, sustained funding and cross-sectoral collaboration are essential to support evidence-based resistance management and protect malaria control gains.
OBJECTIVE: To synthesise evidence on insecticide resistance patterns, mechanisms and management strategies in Tanzanian malaria vectors (2015-2024), and to highlight research and surveillance gaps.
METHODS: A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA-ScR framework. Articles were retrieved from multiple databases based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Data on resistance patterns, mechanisms, surveillance approaches and management strategies were extracted and synthesised.
RESULTS: Of 910 identified records, ten met inclusion criteria. All studies applied WHO susceptibility bioassays, and several incorporated molecular or biochemical assays. Pyrethroid resistance was consistently reported, largely driven by knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and metabolic mechanisms. DDT resistance was common, while moderate resistance to carbamates appeared in about half of the studies. Organophosphates, particularly pirimiphos-methyl, remained effective and new insecticides such as clothianidin and chlorfenapyr showed high efficacy with no resistance detected. Reported management strategies included pyrethroid-PBO LLINs and integrated vector management, although surveillance coverage and mechanistic profiling were inconsistent across sites.
CONCLUSION: Insecticide resistance is widespread in Tanzanian malaria vectors, with pyrethroids most affected. While new insecticides and management strategies show promise, gaps in surveillance and operational evidence limit effectiveness. Strengthened research capacity, sustained funding and cross-sectoral collaboration are essential to support evidence-based resistance management and protect malaria control gains.