[Stem-cell therapy, β-cell- and islet cell-neogenesis: possible treatments of type 1 diabetes in the future?].

In type 1 diabetic patients perfect normoglycaemia can only be achieved by successful transplantation of the pancreas or Langerhans' islets. Surgical transplantation of the whole pancreas is an invasive operation exerting great burden on the patients. Transplantation of the islets of Langerhans does not burden the patients but the survival of the islet grafts is limited. Both interventions are hampered by the lack of donor organs. However, much of these difficulties could be overcome by the use of "artificial β-cells" which ought to have an ultrastructure identical with that of natural β-cells and produce and secrete insulin in a glucose dependent manner. At present three such methods are at our disposal: transformation of the ductal cells of the exocrine pancreas into β-cells, development of β-cells from stem-cells, and neogenesis of Langerhans' islets induced by viral delivery of transcription factors. The author summarises the experience and experimental results obtained with the use of the three methods.