[Application of eco - immunology in parasitology and parasitic diseases research: a review].

As an emerging interdisciplinary field bridging ecology and immunology, eco-immunology focuses on the co-evolutionary dynamics between hosts and parasites within natural environments, and aims to unravel the ecological mechanisms underlying the formation of host immune strategies, so as to provide new insights into parasitology and parasitic diseases research. Based on case studies of diverse host-parasite systems, including insects-protozoans, fish-cestodes, amphibians-nematodes, reptiles-arthropods, birds-ectoparasites, and mammals-helminths, this review summarizes critical eco-immunological principles, including host tolerance trade-offs under resource constraints, transgenerational epigenetic adaptation, nutrition-immunity interactions, and immune conflicts triggered by multiparasite co-infections. In addition, the article discusses the feasibility and practical pathways of ecological management and interventions to achieve biodiversity conservation and disease control based on the eco-immunological theory, so as to provide innovative insights into responses to address ecological conservation and public health challenges in the context of global changes.