Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis: A case report from Pakistan.

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a lung disorder characterized by the presence of single or multiple cavities with or without an aspergilloma or nodules on chest imaging, with mycological evidence of and/or demonstration of immunological response to Aspergillus spp. The affected patient should manifest relevant symptoms for at least 3 months. Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis is the most common subset of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, which is often reported in patients previously treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, having residual cavities in their lungs. We present a case of a 55-year-old male patient treated for pulmonary tuberculosis 2 years back, now presenting with fever, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis with overt radiological changes from the baseline, positive direct microscopy, and serology for Aspergillus spp. and thus meeting the criteria for chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. Treatment with oral antifungal was initiated, but the follow-up data are unavailable due to patient noncompliance and lack of resources. We aim to emphasize the radiological and microbiological features of this condition to aid the early diagnosis and prompt treatment, as this may mimic similar pulmonary disorders and pose a significant challenge in the diagnosis and management outcomes.