Etiology and Pathogenesis of Gingivobuccal Cancers.

This review explores the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and immune interactions underlying gingivobuccal squamous cell carcinoma, a distinct oral cancer subtype strongly associated with tobacco and areca nut use. It highlights key genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and tumor microenvironment factors that drive carcinogenesis and influence prognosis. The role of oral potentially malignant disorders in early detection is emphasized, along with the importance of molecular subtyping for risk stratification. Advances in understanding tumor biology provide promising opportunities for developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes in this biologically complex and geographically prevalent disease.