Molecular cloning of equine chromogranin A and its expression in endocrine and exocrine tissues.

Chromogranin A (CGA) is a member of a family of highly acidic proteins co-stored and co-released with catecholamines in the adrenal medullary cells as well as in other neurons and paraneurons. The nucleotide sequence encoding equine CGA was determined using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of complementary DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE) techniques. A total 1,828 bp of the nucleotide sequence reveals that equine CGA is a 448-residue protein preceded by an 18-residue signal peptide. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of equine CGA with those of human, porcine, bovine, mouse, rat and frog CGA showed high conservation at the NH2-terminal 1-77 amino acids regions (94.8%, 93.5%, 92.2%, 81.8%, 83.1% and 66.2%, respectively) and COOH-terminal 314-430 amino acids regions (90.6%, 81.4%, 90.6%, 80.5%, 83.3% and 39.0%, respectively), as well as a potential dibasic cleavage site, whereas the middle portion showed marked sequence variation (52.5%, 49.1%, 38.9%, 26.6%, 27.9% and 6.2%, respectively). Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR elucidated the tissue distribution of equine CGA mRNA. Its expression was confirmed not only in the adrenal medullary cells but also in other organs (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, spinal cord, liver, thyroid gland, striated muscle, lung, spleen, kidney, parotid gland and sublingual gland). Further, in adrenal chromaffin cells and pituitary cells of the anterior-intermediate lobe, the expression was confirmed by in situ hybridization with anti-sense CGA cRNA probe.