Nanoparticle-based approaches for bacterial detection and therapy.

The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionised approaches to identifying and combating bacterial infections. This review highlights the latest applications of nanoparticles (NPs) for bacterial detection and treatment, with a focus on their translational potential in clinical settings. We discuss advanced nanotechnology-enabled biosensing platforms that offer ultra-sensitive, rapid and precise diagnostics capabilities crucial for addressing antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In addition to detection, various nanoparticles demonstrate multiple antibacterial mechanisms and function as targeted drug-delivery vehicles. The review also examines current clinical trials involving nanoparticle-based therapeutics, underscoring their promise for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. KEY POINTS: • Nanoparticles enable rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial infections. • Multiple antibacterial mechanisms improve efficacy against resistant pathogens. • Translational challenges must be addressed for successful clinical application.