Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in dromedary camels: antimicrobial resistance in arid and semi-arid tropical regions.

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health concern that threatens animal productivity, food safety, and the sustainability of livestock systems. This narrative review synthesizes available evidence on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) in camel populations to inform One Health surveillance and policy development. Camels, vital for food security and livelihood resilience in arid and semi-arid regions, have recently been identified as potential reservoirs of ESBL E. coli, yet their role in antimicrobial resistance ecology remains insufficiently understood. We reviewed published literature from 2015 to 2025 across major scientific databases and institutional reports, identifying studies that describe ESBL E. coli occurrence, molecular characteristics, and transmission pathways in camel systems. Evidence from multiple regions confirms the presence of ESBL E. coli in camel populations, with CTX-M, TEM, and SHV gene families predominating. However, prevalence estimates vary due to methodological heterogeneity, and substantial gaps remain concerning longitudinal patterns, zoonotic linkages, and environmental persistence. This review integrates microbiological, ecological, and policy perspectives to highlight the importance of species-inclusive surveillance, targeted veterinary stewardship, and environmentally adaptive management. Strengthening genomic monitoring and participatory community engagement could enhance early detection, mitigate environmental contamination, and reinforce resilience of tropical livestock systems against antimicrobial resistance threats.