Functional role of formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) for host and nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens.

Nonhost disease resistance is the most common type of plant defense mechanism against potential pathogens. In the present study, the metabolic enzyme formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) was identified to associate with nonhost disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, AtFDH1 was highly upregulated in response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. The Atfdh1 mutants were compromised in nonhost resistance, basal resistance, and gene-for-gene resistance. The expression patterns of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes after pathogen infections in Atfdh1 mutant indicated that both SA and JA are involved in the FDH1-mediated plant defense response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. Previous studies reported that FDH1 localizes to mitochondria, or both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Our results showed that the AtFDH1 mainly localized to mitochondria, and the expression level of FDH1 was drastically increased upon infection with host or nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, we identified the potential co-localization of mitochondria expressing FDH1 with chloroplasts after the infection with nonhost pathogens in Arabidopsis. This finding suggests the possible role of FDH1 in mitochondria and chloroplasts during defense responses against bacterial pathogens in plants.