Integrative immunoinformatics and structural modeling for the rational design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against human cytomegalovirus.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a globally widespread pathogen associated with significant morbidity in immunocompromised individuals. Despite its clinical importance, no licensed vaccine is currently available. This study aimed to design a rational multi-epitope vaccine candidate targeting CMV using an integrative approach combining immunoinformatics and structural biology. Viral proteins were screened to identify epitopes with high affinity for B cells, cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), and helper T cells (HTLs) using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Selected epitopes were filtered according to their antigenicity and toxicity and then assembled into a chimeric construct incorporating an immunostimulatory adjuvant. The designed vaccine was evaluated for its physicochemical properties, validated by Ramchandran and ERRAT analyses. Molecular modeling demonstrated strong and stable interactions with key innate immunity receptors, including TLR7 and TLR9, interactions confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. In silico immune simulation predicted a robust and durable immune response, characterized by high levels of IgM and IgG, as well as significant activation of CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes and innate immunity components. These results highlight the potential of the proposed multi-epitope construct as a promising vaccine candidate against HCMV. However, experimental validation is essential to confirm its immunogenicity, safety, and translational applicability.