Time orientation in Nazi concentration camp survivors: forty years after.

Temporal aspects were evaluated in 44 Nazi concentration camp survivors and 31 control subjects, all 50-60 years old. The survivors attached to the Holocaust a more intense role within time orientation; they were more past-oriented, less future-oriented, and had a generally more pessimistic attitude toward life events. Implications of the findings are discussed, with emphasis on the role of time orientation in the long-term effects of the Holocaust on survivors.