Genome-wide discovery of cis-regulatory elements in a large genome.

Identifying cis-regulatory elements typically relies on trial and error to test the activity of DNA fragments using reporter constructs. This approach is particularly challenging in large eukaryotic genomes, where cis-regulatory elements can be dispersed over long distances, separated by large stretches of non-functional DNA. Here, we generate two types of resources that can be used to narrow the search for such elements in the 3.6 Gbp genome of Parhyale hawaiensis. First, we use bulk ATAC-seq to uncover genome-wide patterns of chromatin accessibility in Parhyale embryonic and adult tissues, and single-nucleus ATAC-seq to identify regions of open chromatin in diverse cell types. Second, by sequencing the genomes of three congeneric species - P. darvishi, P. aquilina, and P. plumicornis - we identify islands of sequence conservation across the genome, likely corresponding to functionally constrained DNA. We find that low-coverage (10-15×) short-read genome sequencing, without genome assembly, is sufficient to provide reliable maps of sequence conservation. This approach cuts the cost and labour required to generate these maps, making the identification of cis-regulatory elements more widely accessible. We demonstrate the utility of these resources by identifying cis-regulatory elements that drive robust expression of fluorescent reporters ubiquitously and in specific cell types.