Extracorporeal Gas Exchange.

Extracorporeal gas exchange is increasingly used for various indications. Among these are refractory acute respiratory failure, including the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the avoidance of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) by enabling lung-protective ventilation. Additionally, extracorporeal gas exchange allows the treatment of hypercapnic respiratory failure while helping to unload the respiratory muscles and avoid intubation and invasive ventilation, as well as facilitating weaning from the ventilator. These indications are based on a reasonable physiologic rationale but must be weighed against the costs and complications associated with the technique. This article summarizes current evidence and indications for extracorporeal gas exchange.