Kraepelin's final views on manic-depressive Illness.

At the age of 65, 8 years after finishing his last textbook edition, Emil Kraepelin completed the final edition of his "Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry" which included a mini-textbook for students with a 7-page section on manic-depressive insanity (MDI), a disorder he had formally proposed 22 years earlier, and a series of new detailed case histories, 9 of which examined MDI. This text distills, near the end of his life, Kraepelin's perspective of the key features of MDI. The text and case histories are here translated into English for the first time. Kraepelin's views of the symptoms and signs of melancholia and mania closely aligned to those proposed by DSM-5. He emphasized the importance both of mixed features and the constitutional/personality foundations of MDI suggesting that a particular emotional disposition is often seen both inter-episodically in affected individuals (where they "fill the entire life") and in their unaffected relatives. He illustrates both these points in his case reports. His cases also made clear that for Kraepelin, classical Schneiderian psychotic symptoms and a full catatonic syndrome were consistent with a diagnosis of MDI.