Mechanism and interventions of the bile acid-gut-liver axis imbalance in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advancement are strongly associated with disruptions in the gut-liver axis and bile acid regulation, a link that becomes particularly pronounced under conditions of insulin resistance and metabolic stress. Bile acids, as essential metabolic regulators, orchestrate glucose and lipid homeostasis, modulate inflammatory responses, and maintain energy balance through activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Gut dysbiosis impairs bile acid production and their enterohepatic recycling, creating a vicious cycle that exacerbates hepatocyte apoptosis and compromises the gut barrier. This review explores how the imbalance of the bile acid-gut-liver axis exacerbates the progression of NAFLD through mechanisms such as signal transduction disorder, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), gut barrier damage, dysbiosis, and hepatocyte apoptosis. At the therapeutic level, drawing on recent basic and clinical evidence, we summarize potential strategies to restore gut-liver homeostasis, including FXR agonists, probiotics and prebiotics, dietary fiber, polyphenols, and lifestyle modifications. Further well-powered studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of these strategies, facilitating their clinical implementation as targeted bile acid-modulating treatments for NAFLD.