Analytical methods for the determination of semaglutide in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices: A comprehensive review.

Semaglutide is a potent long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist with outstanding therapeutic efficacy for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Because of its widespread clinical use, there is an increasing demand for analytical techniques to identify semaglutide in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices. The current study provides an overview of analytical methodologies for determining semaglutide across various disciplines. The material may be analysed using the following techniques: chromatography, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Some of these approaches include reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and others. The reported methodological characteristics, including validation parameters are discussed. In addition, a comparison and discussion of analytical performance, approaches, advantages, and disadvantages are presented. Chromatographic techniques are presented as the most effective, sensitive, and reliable analytical methods for semaglutide determination, but alternative approaches are also described. The current study may provide a comprehensive and informative guide for further investigations into semaglutide analysis and related research.