Optic disc haemorrhage and primary open-angle glaucoma: a clinical review.

Studies have confirmed that optic disc haemorrhage (ODH) is a significant risk factor for the development and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Various populations have differing risk factors for developing POAG. As such, a literature review was conducted examining seven studies published in India, China, Japan, Australia, Korea and the USA. The goal of this review was to better identify ODH risk factors and their relationship to development and progression of POAG. Ultimately, patients with ODH have a greater risk for developing POAG across all populations analysed in this review. However, some populations demonstrated additional risk factors for ODH, such as increasing age and female gender. Paradoxically, data from several studies show that people of African descent have a reduced risk of ODH despite having increased risk of open-angle glaucoma than their Caucasian counterparts. By parsing out the complex relations between ODH and open-angle glaucoma stratified by age, gender and race, we may gain a broader understanding of glaucoma pathogenesis and derive individualised treatment strategies.