Endovascular management of extracranial carotid and vertebral disease.

Endovascular therapies have become a mainstream option for treatment of many extracranial vascular disorders and is the preferred management strategy for vascular injury secondary to head and neck malignancy. The interventionalist must be familiar with the clinical trials as basis for the management of extracranial atherosclerotic disease as well as understanding the therapeutic options, risks, and benefits. Nonatherosclerotic injury including trauma, injury due to neoplasm or its treatment, and idiopathic lesions have unique considerations important to the use and deployment of various devices. The diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and the role of endovascular techniques in patients with extracranial vascular disease are discussed.