Frontal sinuses as tools for human identification: a systematic review of imaging methods.

The frontal sinuses are potential evidences for human identification because of the inherent distinctiveness of their morphology. Over the last decades, several techniques emerged to enable the visualization and analysis of the frontal sinuses via bi- and three-dimensional imaging. This systematic review aimed to compile different methodological approaches found in the scientific literature to contribute to human identification. Three examiners revisited the scientific literature in order to find imaging techniques for the visualization of the frontal sinuses applied to human identification. The standard search strings built-up from a PICO question identified 404 unique articles in the following databases Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs and Scielo. Based on eligibility criteria applied during title, abstract and full-text reading, the sample reduced to 19 articles. The articles were published between 1987 and 2019 by research groups from 10 different countries. Computed tomography was used in 37% of the techniques, while the remaining (63%) techniques used skull radiographs. The techniques were highly heterogeneous and varied between metric analysis, direct image superimposition and morphology code-based systems. The authors considered their techniques useful for human identification and reported accuracy rates from 13 to 100%. Most of the studies revealed low risk of bias. More advantages were related with the techniques based on direct image superimpositions and three-dimensional visualization. Forensic experts must be aware of the use of frontal sinuses for human identification, especially when three-dimensional images are available as ante-mortem and post-mortem evidences for superimposition and comparison.