Thunderstruck: Visually Simulating Electrical Storms.

Thunderstorms are complex multiphysics phenomena driven by charge transfer processes arising from interactions between ice and water particles in the atmosphere. We present a physically grounded model for simulating cloud electrification and lightning discharge, capable of generating diverse lightning types as emergent responses to evolving atmospheric conditions. Our approach requires only a minimal set of atmospheric parameters and no user-defined triggers. Charge separation is modeled at the microphysical level using a statistical mechanics framework, while discharges are captured through a novel gauge-invariant dielectric breakdown model that accounts for bipolar channels, dynamic electric fields, and air resistance. We validate our method through comparisons with observational data and prior models, demonstrating its ability to simulate distinct discharge types and the full life cycle of thunderstorms. Beyond scientific accuracy, our framework supports real-time nowcasting, civil engineering assessments, virtual environment generation, and the simulation of complex dielectric breakdown in varied contexts.