Enhanced engagement of CTLA-4 induces antigen-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25- TGF-beta 1+ adaptive regulatory T cells.

CTLA-4 is a critical negative regulator of T cell response and is instrumental in maintaining immunological tolerance. In this article, we report that enhanced selective engagement of CTLA-4 on T cells by Ag-presenting dendritic cells resulted in the induction of Ag-specific CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-)TGF-beta1(+) adaptive Tregs. These cells were CD62L(low) and hyporesponsive to stimulation with cognate Ag but demonstrated a superior ability to suppress Ag-specific effector T cell response compared with their CD62L(high) counterparts. Importantly, treatment of mice with autoimmune thyroiditis using mouse thyroglobulin (mTg)-pulsed anti-CTLA-4 agonistic Ab-coated DCs, which results in a dominant engagement of CTLA-4 upon self-Ag presentation, not only suppressed thyroiditis but also prevented reemergence of the disease upon rechallenge with mTg. Further, the disease suppression was associated with significantly reduced mTg-specific T cell and Ab responses. Collectively, our results showed an important role for selective CTLA-4 signaling in the induction of adaptive Tregs and suggested that approaches that allow dominant CTLA-4 engagement concomitant with Ag-specific TCR ligation can be used for targeted therapy.