Is there a potential link between keratoconus and autism spectrum disorders?: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Eye rubbing (ER) is a proven factor that can trigger the onset and progression of keratoconus (KC). Apart from allergy, ER is a repetitive motor stereotypy. Eye rubbing is frequently observed in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and in individuals who may be at risk for developing KC. We present a child with ASD who developed progressive KC following standard corneal cross-linking (CXL), most likely because of abnormal ER associated with allergy and repetitive behavior due to ASD symptoms.

PATIENT CONCERNS: A 14-year-old boy was referred to our clinic because of asymmetric visual acuity reduction.

DIAGNOSIS: The child was diagnosed as having keratoconus. He had a strong ER habit. The child had been previously diagnosed as having ASD.

INTERVENTIONS: Corneal cross-linking was performed in both the eyes. On account of keratoconus progression, most likely associated with persistent ER habit, he was retreated with CXL in the right eye. Behavioral modification intervention for ER habit reversal was also applied.

OUTCOMES: Corneal cross-linking in combination with behavioral modification intervention for ER habit reversal prevented further KC progression.

LESSONS: Behavioral interventions are likely to provide positive results in an ER habit reversal in children with ASD. Keratoconus treatment with CXL combined with behavioral management for ER reversal seemed effective in halting keratoconus progression in a young patient with ASD.