The relationships between the gut microbiota and its metabolites with thyroid diseases.

Emerging studies have provided a preliminary understanding of the thyroid-gut axis, indicating that intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may act directly or indirectly on the thyroid by influencing intestinal microelements uptake, iodothyronine conversion and storage, and immune regulation, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders and clinical management strategies. However, the research on gut microbiota and thyroid has only presented the tip of the iceberg. More robust clinical data and basic experiments are still required to elucidate the specific relationships and mechanisms in the future. Here we will characterize the associations between the microbiota and thyroid diseases to evaluate their potential implications in the pathophysiology and open up scientific avenues for future precision studies of the thyroid-gut axis.