Emerging immune checkpoint targets and combination strategies in blood cancer immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, offering durable responses across various malignancies. However, blood cancers present unique challenges due to significant heterogeneity, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and potent mechanisms of immune evasion. This review synthesizes the current landscape of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), evaluating both established agents and emerging targets (e.g., LAG-3, TIM-3, CD47) in hematologic malignancies. We critically examine the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in driving therapeutic resistance and recurrence, highlighting how aberrant signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, m6A) fuel immune avoidance. Furthermore, we assess the transformative potential of cellular immunotherapies, specifically CAR-T and CAR-NK cells, proposing strategies to enhance their persistence and safety. By integrating insights from recent preclinical and clinical studies, this report provides a roadmap for developing rational, multi-pronged combination strategies that disrupt the “resistance ecosystem” of blood cancers, paving the way for personalized curative regimens.