Unusual orbital infections.

Because of the confined nature of the orbital space, many disease processes such as cancers, infections, or inflammations present with overlapping clinical manifestations. Also, with the multitude of muscular, neurovascular, sensory, and glandular structures located close to each other in this space, precise anatomic localization of various biologic processes can be difficult. Nevertheless, the aim of this review is to highlight recent publications about unusual orbital infections. The review begins with anatomic and etiologic classification of orbital infectious diseases. It then progresses along an anatomically based scheme to discuss various bacterial and fungal infections. Because of the infrequent occurrence of many of these diseases, emphasis is placed on diagnostic rather than treatment issues. Because of advances in epidemiology, infectious diseases, antibiotic and antifungal pharmacology, and surgical techniques, the majority of orbital infections are relatively benign. This review focuses on those rare and more challenging exceptions.