Novel Ablation Approaches for Challenging Atrial Fibrillation Cases (Mapping, Irrigation, and Catheters).

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation has improved in part due to advances in technology and techniques. Improved power delivery through contact force and irrigation and new balloon-based catheter systems for pulmonary vein isolation have resulted in greater success in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. New tools are under development to facilitate understanding targets for ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation and create permanent ablation lesions safely and quickly.