Futuredirections in nanotechnology for skin cancer.

Skin cancer, encompassing non-melanoma types such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and the more lethal melanoma, remains a global health burden. Traditional therapies-including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy-often encounter limitations like toxicity, drug resistance, and low specificity. Nanotechnology offers transformative potential by enabling targeted, efficient drug delivery through carriers such as liposomes, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). These nanocarriers enhance drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, while passive, active, and stimuli-responsive targeting mechanisms improve precision in delivery. Controlled drug release is governed by diffusion, solvent interaction, degradation, or external triggers such as pH, temperature, and magnetic or electric fields. Lipid-based nanocarriers, including SLNs, liposomes, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), are particularly effective for poorly water-soluble drugs, allowing dual-phase release and enhanced penetration. Drug-release kinetics can be modeled using equations such as Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and zero-order kinetics. Additionally, inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) like gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots offer multifunctional roles in imaging, therapy, and tumor targeting due to their unique physicochemical properties. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), particularly when enhanced through nanocarriers, offer minimally invasive solutions for melanoma. Formulations using photosensitizers like indocyanine green, chlorin e6, and phthalocyanines have demonstrated improved ROS production and tumor regression. Hybrid systems combining PDT/PTT with targeted delivery and immune modulation further amplify therapeutic outcomes. Overall, nanotechnology represents a promising frontier in skin cancer treatment, offering improved efficacy, reduced side effects, and enhanced precision.