Pathological Mechanisms and Molecular Imaging Advances in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders globally, where early diagnosis plays a pivotal role in delaying disease progression and improving patient outcomes. In recent years, the rapid, multidisciplinary advances in molecular imaging and emerging technologies have significantly advanced our understanding of AD pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Imaging tools such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), alongside emerging technologies like retinal imaging, nanosensors, and quantum dots (QDs), are continuously enhancing AD diagnostic pathways. Studies on the gut microbiome and extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer novel insights into AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, AI-driven multimodal data fusion techniques hold great promise for improving diagnostic accuracy. Future research will increasingly focus on multi-target synergistic intervention strategies, standardization of multimodal imaging, and the integration of AI with molecular diagnostics and treatment to enable early detection and personalized precision therapy for AD.