Sacral neuromodulation in the older woman.

In the last 10 years, sacral neuromodulation has evolved from an experimental therapy to a safe and proven treatment option for patients with a variety of complex lower urinary tract disorders. It is currently Food and Drug Administration approved for the following indications: intractable urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, and nonobstructive urinary retention. Herein, we will discuss some of the factors complicating incontinence treatment in the elderly population paying particular attention to sacral neuromodulation, its history, indications, and applications within the elderly female population.