Percutaneous neuromodulation.

Neuromodulation for pelvic floor dysfunction has evolved from central sacral stimulation, a relatively invasive, experimental procedure, to percutaneous peripheral neurostimulation, which is both minimally invasive and well-tolerated by patients. Multiple series have now reported consistent positive results for varied manifestations of pelvic floor dysfunction. Future applications will involve an implantable peripheral neurostimulator coupling with the posterior tibial nerve, empowering patients to adjust the frequency or amplitude of stimulation. It is anticipated that broader availability of this modality will offer hope to the frequently underdiagnosed and underreported population of patients with pelvic floor dysfunction.