Journal of neuroscience methods · 2026
Analysis of physical properties of the ulnar nerve during puncture using regional block needles. Measuring station proposal and preliminary test results.
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Wilk Mateusz, Jędrasiak Karol, Ples Marek, Suwalska Aleksandra, Bajor Grzegorz
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Safe robotic or manual regional nerve blocks require quantitative data on needle-nerve interaction forces, yet such data are scarce.
NEW METHOD: We designed a purpose-built measurement station to characterize how puncture mechanics vary along the human ulnar nerve. Eight fresh-frozen cadavers provided paired proximal upper-arm and distal forearm ulnar-nerve segments. A custom system built around a 3-axis 3-D-printer chassis, dual 50 N load cells (0.1 N resolution), and an ATmega328P controller advanced 21 G block needles at 10 mm min⁻¹ in 0.2 mm steps. Puncture-force profiles were recorded at 20 locations per segment at 5 mm intervals. At each nominal depth, the force value used for curve analysis was calculated as the median of fifty technical force readings. Maximum puncture force was analyzed using a hierarchical linear mixed-effects model accounting for repeated measurements within anatomical segments and pairing within donors.
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: One similar system was found, but with different methodology of measurements and different statistical analysis.
RESULTS: At the 0 mm reference position, predicted peak puncture force was approximately 33.3% lower in upper-arm than forearm segments (β=-0.174, p < 0.001). The interaction between anatomical region and distance was significant (β=0.00139, p < 0.001), indicating different spatial puncture-force patterns between anatomical regions. Paired donor-level comparisons of Slope Coefficient, Penetration Work, Roughness Index, and Withdrawal-to-Insertion Work Ratio showed no statistically significant differences after correction for multiple comparisons.
CONCLUSIONS: The measurement system delivered reproducible force-displacement curves and minimized artifacts from sample fixation. These preliminary ex vivo findings indicate that ulnar-nerve puncture mechanics vary with anatomical region and position along the nerve and warrant confirmation in larger donor cohorts.
NEW METHOD: We designed a purpose-built measurement station to characterize how puncture mechanics vary along the human ulnar nerve. Eight fresh-frozen cadavers provided paired proximal upper-arm and distal forearm ulnar-nerve segments. A custom system built around a 3-axis 3-D-printer chassis, dual 50 N load cells (0.1 N resolution), and an ATmega328P controller advanced 21 G block needles at 10 mm min⁻¹ in 0.2 mm steps. Puncture-force profiles were recorded at 20 locations per segment at 5 mm intervals. At each nominal depth, the force value used for curve analysis was calculated as the median of fifty technical force readings. Maximum puncture force was analyzed using a hierarchical linear mixed-effects model accounting for repeated measurements within anatomical segments and pairing within donors.
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: One similar system was found, but with different methodology of measurements and different statistical analysis.
RESULTS: At the 0 mm reference position, predicted peak puncture force was approximately 33.3% lower in upper-arm than forearm segments (β=-0.174, p < 0.001). The interaction between anatomical region and distance was significant (β=0.00139, p < 0.001), indicating different spatial puncture-force patterns between anatomical regions. Paired donor-level comparisons of Slope Coefficient, Penetration Work, Roughness Index, and Withdrawal-to-Insertion Work Ratio showed no statistically significant differences after correction for multiple comparisons.
CONCLUSIONS: The measurement system delivered reproducible force-displacement curves and minimized artifacts from sample fixation. These preliminary ex vivo findings indicate that ulnar-nerve puncture mechanics vary with anatomical region and position along the nerve and warrant confirmation in larger donor cohorts.